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CERT-In Unveils Comprehensive Cyber Security Audit Policy Guidelines

The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has introduced a landmark directive requiring all public and private organisations managing digital systems to undergo comprehensive third-party cybersecurity audits annually. This is the first time such a mandate applies to the private sector. CERT-In’s guidelines allow sectoral regulators to enforce more frequent audits if necessary. The move aims to enhance India’s cybersecurity resilience amid rising cyber threats.

Overview of CERT-In’s Cybersecurity Audit Policy

CERT-In’s new Comprehensive Cyber Security Audit Policy Guidelines provide a full framework for conducting audits. The policy covers the entire audit lifecycle, including planning, scoping, execution, reporting, and follow-up. It emphasises a risk-based and domain-specific approach tailored to each organisation’s business context and threat environment. The guidelines also promote alignment with international standards such as ISO/IEC 27001.

Significance for Public and Private Sectors

For the first time, private companies are mandated to comply with annual cybersecurity audits. Previously, such requirements mainly targeted public sector and critical infrastructure entities. The policy aims to standardise audit practices across sectors, ensuring uniform security standards. It also empowers regulators to impose stricter audit frequencies depending on sector-specific risks.

Transforming Audits into Strategic Tools

CERT-In stresses that audits should not be mere compliance checkboxes. Instead, audits must become strategic instruments for continuous risk assessment and mitigation. The guidelines call for integration of audits with ongoing monitoring and governance improvements. This shift encourages organisations to build a security culture focused on resilience rather than just meeting regulatory deadlines.

Key Audit Elements and Skills Enhancement

The policy marks crucial audit components such as asset management, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, and governance evaluation. CERT-In urges empanelled auditors and internal teams to upgrade their skills to detect both technical flaws and governance lapses. Post-audit remediation and data-driven insights are made mandatory, ensuring corrective actions follow every assessment.

Alignment with National Cybersecurity Strategy

This initiative supports India’s broader digital public infrastructure and cybersecurity goals. By standardising audits and encouraging collaboration between CISOs, IT teams, auditors, and regulators, the policy enhances national cyber defence capabilities. The move aims to shift India’s cybersecurity posture from reactive compliance to proactive resilience.

Challenges and Future Impact

Experts warn that treating audits as mere formalities risks fragile cyber defences vulnerable to ransomware, data theft, and supply-chain attacks. The new policy seeks to change this mindset by emphasising real protection and preparedness. Its success depends on organisations adopting audits as ongoing tools rather than annual burdens.

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Technical Excellence Award at Popular Engineer Awards -Nominate Now

The Technical Excellence Award at the Popular Engineer Awards honors individuals who demonstrate outstanding innovation, problem-solving, and impact in engineering. This prestigious recognition is awarded to engineers whose technical contributions have advanced their field and inspired progress. Nominate now to celebrate excellence in engineering design, development, and execution.

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Best Innovation Award – Popular Engineer Awards , Nominate Now

🌟 Best Innovation Award – Popular Engineer Awards 🌟

Celebrate groundbreaking ideas and inventive minds! The Best Innovation Award at the Popular Engineer Awards honors visionary engineers and researchers whose trailblazing innovations are reshaping industries, improving lives, and pushing the boundaries of what's possible. Whether it's a revolutionary product, a disruptive process, or a transformative solution—this is your chance to nominate outstanding innovation and give it the global recognition it deserves. 🏆💡

🚀 Nominate Now and inspire the future of engineering!

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Popular Engineer Award

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• Website: popularengineer.org

• Nomination Link : https://popularengineer.org/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee

• To Contact : contact@popularengineer.org

Non-Binary AI Chip

 

China has made leap in artificial intelligence with the deployment of non-binary AI chips. This advancement comes from Professor Li Hongge’s team at Beihang University. They have developed a novel computing approach called Hybrid Stochastic Number (HSN) computing. This innovation aims to address critical limitations in conventional computing.

About Hybrid Stochastic Number Computing

Hybrid Stochastic Number computing merges traditional binary logic with probabilistic logic. Binary systems operate on precise calculations using 1s and 0s, which are energy-intensive. In contrast, stochastic computing uses voltage signal frequencies to represent values, resulting in lower power consumption but often slower performance. The HSN system combines these approaches to achieve a balance of energy efficiency and computational reliability.

Addressing Key Limitations in Conventional Chips

Two major limitations challenge conventional chips – the power wall and the architecture wall. The power wall refers to the high energy demands of binary systems, making scalability difficult. The architecture wall marks the integration issues of non-silicon chips with existing CMOS infrastructure. HSN computing provides a solution by reducing energy consumption while maintaining performance.

Applications of Non-Binary AI Chips

The non-binary AI chip has been implemented across various sectors. In touch display systems, it enhances user interaction by filtering noise and accurately detecting weak signals. In medical and industrial displays, it enables rapid, low-power data processing for precise readings. In aviation, the chip ensures steady navigation and fault tolerance, crucial for aerospace operations. Its in-memory computing capability reduces energy-intensive data transfer, addressing bottleneck in traditional systems.

Overcoming Technological Restrictions

Despite facing US export restrictions on advanced semiconductor technology, Li’s team successfully built the chip using 110nm and 28nm manufacturing processes from Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC). This approach allows China to innovate within its existing technological capabilities while bypassing high-end semiconductor limitations.

Future Developments in Chip Technology

Looking ahead, the team is working on a custom instruction set architecture (ISA) tailored for hybrid probabilistic computing. This will enable the chip to support advanced applications such as AI model acceleration, speech and image recognition, and neural networks. This technological pathway could allow China to achieve self-reliance in semiconductors, encouraging innovation independent of foreign technologies.

Implications for Global Technology

China’s approach to redefining computing logic could reshape global perspectives on chip development. By focusing on architectural innovation rather than merely increasing transistor counts, this strategy may lead to new methodologies in computing. This could influence how future chips are designed and utilised worldwide.

Event Details:

Popular Engineer Award

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• Website: popularengineer.org

• Nomination Link : https://popularengineer.org/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee

• To Contact : contact@popularengineer.org

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‘Trends — Artificial Intelligence’ Report

 

The landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed rapidly. Recent reports highlight an exceptional surge in AI adoption. Venture capitalist Mary Meeker’s latest trends report, titled ‘Trends — Artificial Intelligence,’ emphasises this unprecedented pace. The report illustrates how AI’s adoption curve is unlike previous technological advancements. It also points out challenges like biases and misinformation that accompany this rapid growth.

Speed of AI Adoption

AI platforms have achieved remarkable user numbers in a short time. For example, ChatGPT reached 100 million users in less than three months. In contrast, platforms like Instagram took 2-4 years to reach the same milestone. The report predicts that 50% of US households will adopt AI within three years, a stark difference from the 6-12 years it took for internet access.

India’s Role in AI Usage

India plays important role in the global AI landscape. It is the second-largest market for ChatGPT, contributing 13.5% of its mobile app users. This surpasses the US and Germany. Despite restrictions on ChatGPT in countries like China and Russia, Indian users boost platforms like DeepSeek, which is popular in those regions.

Open Source vs. Closed Models

The report outlines two philosophies in AI model development – closed and open source. Closed models, such as OpenAI’s GPT-4, are centralised and require substantial investment. They offer high performance but lack transparency. Conversely, open-source models, like those from Hugging Face, provide accessibility to advanced AI without hefty costs. China is currently leading in open-source AI, releasing several large-scale models in 2025.

Implications of AI Development

The divergence between open and closed models has implications. Closed models dominate consumer markets and enterprise adoption, while open-source initiatives fuel local innovations and language models. This creates a dynamic between freedom and control, speed and safety, and openness versus optimisation. These contrasting approaches will shape the future of AI technology and its governance.

Challenges and Cautions

Despite the promising advancements, the report cautions against potential pitfalls. Issues like AI hallucinations, biases, and misinformation remain critical concerns. Additionally, slow regulatory responses could hinder the safe deployment of AI technologies. The balance between innovation and regulation is vital for sustainable growth.

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Popular Engineer Award

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• Website: popularengineer.org

• Nomination Link : https://popularengineer.org/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee

• To Contact : contact@popularengineer.org

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New Method to Detect Topological Invariants in Quantum Materials

 

Recent advancements in quantum materials research have revealed a novel method for identifying topological invariants. These invariants are properties of topological spaces that remain unchanged through continuous transformations. Topological materials are crucial for the development of technologies such as quantum computing and energy-efficient systems. However, their unique properties have historically been difficult to detect.

About Topological Invariants

Topological invariants are fundamental characteristics that define the shape of materials at the quantum level. They are not influenced by external appearances but are intrinsic to the material’s structure. A common analogy is the comparison between a donut and a coffee cup. Both have one hole and are thus topologically equivalent. In contrast, a wada and an idli are not equivalent due to differing hole counts.

Significance of Topological Materials

Topological materials, including topological insulators and superconductors, exhibit unusual electronic behaviours. The properties of these materials are determined by topological invariants like winding numbers and Chern numbers. These numbers govern how electrons behave in different shapes of materials, affecting their potential applications in technology.

New Detection Method

Researchers from the Raman Research Institute have introduced an innovative approach to detect topological invariants using the spectral function. This function acts as a quantum fingerprint, revealing how energy and particles interact within a material. The study, led by Professor Dibyendu Roy and PhD student Kiran Babasaheb Estake, demonstrates that the spectral function can provide vital information about the topology of various materials.

Advantages Over Traditional Techniques

Traditionally, techniques like Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) were employed to study electron behaviour. However, the new method marks that the spectral function can also unveil topological features. This breakthrough could facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of topological materials, leading to new discoveries in condensed matter physics.

Implications for Future Technology

The ability to detect topological invariants could revolutionise the field of quantum computing and next-generation electronics. By providing a universal tool for exploring topological materials, this research may lead to advancements in energy-efficient systems and innovative technologies.

Event Details:

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• Nomination Link : https://popularengineer.org/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee

• To Contact : contact@popularengineer.org

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Electric Vehicles and Air Pollution Concerns

 

Recent studies have raised concerns about the environmental impact of electric vehicles (EVs) beyond their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While EVs are celebrated for their potential to combat climate change, they may inadvertently contribute to air pollution through tyre wear. Research indicates that the increased weight of EVs leads to higher tyre degradation, releasing harmful microplastics into the atmosphere.

Tyre Wear and Particle Emission

Tyre wear produces rubber particles that can be harmful air pollutants. The wear process generates particles in two main sizes – 1-10 micrometres and over 100 micrometres. Smaller particles remain airborne longer, contributing to air pollution. The study conducted by researchers from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, IIT Bombay, and Columbia University reveals that heavier vehicles, like EVs, produce a higher proportion of smaller particles

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Mechanisms of Degradation

Tyre degradation occurs through two primary mechanisms – primary fragmentation and sequential fragmentation. Primary fragmentation results from sudden forces like braking or hitting potholes, leading to smaller particles. In contrast, sequential fragmentation involves gradual wear and results in larger particles. Improving road conditions may reduce larger particles but will not affect smaller ones.

Global Implications of Electric Vehicles

EVs are heavier than conventional vehicles due to their batteries, which can weigh between 300 kg and 900 kg. This additional weight increases stress on tyres, leading to greater fragmentation and more microplastic emissions. Although EVs represent a small percentage of global vehicle stock, their sales are rapidly increasing. In 2024, electric cars constituted 2.5% of sales in India, with a government target of 30% by 2030.

Regulatory and Industry Responses

Current air quality regulations primarily focus on controlling particulate matter sizes of PM2.5 and PM10. However, tyre fragments are often smaller, necessitating revised regulations. Tyre manufacturers must invest in developing more durable tyres suited for heavier EVs. Additionally, technological innovations may offer solutions to capture tyre fragments at the point of release, preventing them from entering the atmosphere.

The Need for Comprehensive Solutions

The findings highlight the need for a multi-faceted approach to address air pollution from EVs. This includes revising regulatory frameworks to include non-exhaust emissions and enhancing tyre durability. The ongoing transition to electric mobility must consider these emerging challenges to ensure that the benefits of EVs do not come at the cost of worsening air quality.

Event Details:

Popular Engineer Award

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• Website: popularengineer.org

• Nomination Link : https://popularengineer.org/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee

• To Contact : contact@popularengineer.org

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