In a surprising twist to one of nature’s most familiar materials, scientists have uncovered how ice melts under extreme pressure when trapped in tiny, confined spaces a discovery reshaping our understanding of water’s complex behavior at the nanoscale.
Recent research shows that when ice is squeezed inside nanopores, carbon nanotubes, or mineral cracks, it no longer melts the way ordinary ice does. Instead, it undergoes a pressure-induced melting transition, shifting into exotic phases that behave more like “high-density liquid water” than the solid crystal we know.
What makes this fascinating is that water under confinement experiences restricted molecular motion, causing hydrogen bonds to rearrange in unusual ways. When pressure is applied, the system becomes unstable and collapses into a liquid state even at temperatures far below the normal melting point. This means ice can melt at subzero temperatures if the environment is small enough and the pressure is high enough.
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